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Researchers have uncovered a potential means to profile and track online users using a novel approach that combines device identifiers with their biometric information.
The details come from a newly published research titled “Nowhere to Hide: Cross-modal Identity Leakage between Biometrics and Devices” by a group of academics from the University of Liverpool, New York University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and University at Buffalo SUNY.
“Prior studies on identity theft only consider the attack goal for a single type of identity, either for device IDs or biometrics,” Chris Xiaoxuan Lu, Assistant Professor at the University of Liverpool, told The Hacker News in an email interview. “The missing part, however, is to explore the feasibility of compromising the two types of identities simultaneously and deeply understand their correlation in multi-modal IoT environments.”
The researchers presented the findings at the Web Conference 2020 held in Taipei last week. The prototype and the associated code can be accessed here.
A Compound Data Leakage Attack
The identity leakage mechanism builds on the idea of surreptitious eavesdropping of individuals in cyber-physical spaces over extended periods of time.
In a nutshell, the idea is that a bad actor can exploit the uniqueness of individuals’ biometric information (faces, voices, etc.) and Wi-Fi MAC addresses of smartphones and IoT devices to automatically identify people by drawing a spatial-temporal correlation between the two sets of observations.
“The attacker can be either insider like co-workers who share the same office with victims or outsiders who use their laptops to eavesdrop random victims in a coffee shop,” Xiaoxuan Lu said. “So launching such an attack is not difficult, considering multi-modal IoT devices are very small and can be disguised well, like a spy camera with Wi-Fi sniffing function. All in all, there is little setup effort on the side of the attacker.”
To mount the attack, the researchers assembled an eavesdropping prototype built on a Raspberry Pi that consisted of an audio recorder, an 8MP camera, and a Wi-Fi sniffer that can capture the device identifiers.
The data collected in this manner not only ascertained that there exists a session attendance similarity between one’s physical biometrics and his/her personal device, but they are also unique enough to isolate a specific individual among several people located in the same space.
The accuracy of the attack, however, can diminish in the event a victim is hidden in a crowd and shares the same or highly similar session attendance pattern with another subject in the — something that’s difficult to happen and impractical, according to the researchers.
Possible Mitigation Techniques
But with billions of IoT devices connected to the internet, the researchers say the compound effect of such a data leakage is a real threat, with the adversary capable of deanonymizing over 70% of the device identifiers.
Obfuscating wireless communications and scanning for hidden microphones or cameras could help to mitigate the cross-modal attack, although they warn there is no good countermeasure yet.
“Avoid connecting Wi-Fi to public wireless networks as it leaves your underlying Wi-Fi MAC address exposed,” Xiaoxuan Lu said.
“Don’t allow multi-modal IoT devices (such as smart doorbell or voice assistants) to monitor you 24/7, because they send data back to third parties with no transparency to you, and they can be easily hacked and can compromise your ID in multiple dimensions.”
